Federal Courts
When approaching a Federal Courts exam, it is essential to understand both the structure of the federal judiciary and the principles governing federal jurisdiction. Always identify the relevant constitutional provisions and statutes and apply them methodically to the given fact pattern.
Federal question jurisdiction exists when the plaintiff's claim arises under federal law.
Diversity jurisdiction requires complete diversity and an amount in controversy exceeding $75,000.
Supplemental jurisdiction may apply if the claim is related to another claim within original jurisdiction.
Plaintiff must show an injury-in-fact that is concrete and particularized.
Causation requires a link between the injury and the defendant's conduct.
Redressability means that a favorable court decision can remedy the injury.
A case is moot if no effective relief can be granted.
Exceptions exist when the issues are likely to recur and evade review.
Political questions are not suitable for judicial review.
Courts will not adjudicate matters that are constitutionally committed to another branch of government.
Judicial review allows courts to invalidate laws and executive actions that contradict the Constitution.
Principles of stare decisis guide the application of judicial precedent.
States must recognize legislative acts, public records, and judicial proceedings of other states.
The Privileges and Immunities Clause prevents states from discriminating against citizens of other states.
Congress can legislate only through powers enumerated in the Constitution.
The Necessary and Proper Clause allows Congress to enact laws necessary for executing its enumerated powers.
The Eleventh Amendment generally prohibits lawsuits against states without their consent.
Exceptions exist for suits against states for federal law violations.
Structure your answer using IRAC (Issue, Rule, Application, Conclusion) to ensure clarity and completeness. Clearly delineate each part of the analysis to make your reasoning easy to follow.
Allocate your time evenly among the questions, ensuring to leave time at the end for a review of your answers. Aim to spend about 45 minutes per question in a 3-hour exam.