FRE · Rule 1004

FRE Rule 1004

Quick Answer

What is FRE Rule 1004?

Rule 1004 of the Federal Rules of Evidence governs the admissibility of secondary evidence when the original document is unavailable.

Source: FRE Rule 1004

Official Text
Rule 1004: Admissibility of Other Evidence of Content. This rule covers situations where an original is not required for evidence to be admissible.
Plain Language

FRE Rule 1004 allows parties to introduce secondary evidence (like copies or testimony) of a document's content when the original document is lost or not available. This ensures that important information can still be presented in court even if the original document cannot be produced.

Purpose

The purpose of this rule is to provide flexibility in evidence presentation, ensuring that the absence of an original document does not hinder justice. It promotes the reliability of secondary evidence under specific circumstances.

Key Provisions

1004(a)

Allows secondary evidence if the original writing has been lost or destroyed and not due to the proponent's fault.

1004(b)

Permits the introduction of secondary evidence when the original is not obtainable due to being outside the court's jurisdiction.

1004(c)

Enables the use of secondary evidence where the original is in the possession of a third party who has not been served with a subpoena.

Practice Notes
  • Be prepared to show that the original document is truly unavailable before introducing secondary evidence.
  • Always consider the reasons for the absence of the original document to ensure that they align with the exceptions provided in this rule.
  • Understand the difference between a copy and secondary evidence as it pertains to this rule.
Landmark Cases

U.S. v. McKeever

This case highlighted the application of Rule 1004 when determining whether secondary evidence could appropriately fill the gap left by an unavailable original document.

United States v. Johnson

In this case, the court applied FRE 1004 to allow testimony regarding the contents of a document that was lost, reinforcing the rule's purpose of ensuring justice despite evidentiary challenges.

Exam Tip

Rule 1004 is often tested on exams in context with evidence admissibility scenarios, so be familiar with its requirements and the exceptions it provides for the absence of originals.

Related Rules
  • fre-rule-1003

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