Disability Law · claim

Elements of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

Quick Answer

What are the elements of Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)?

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including jobs, schools, transportation, and all public and private places open to the general public. The act seeks to ensure that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else.

Required Elements

1. Disability

The individual must have a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.

What to prove: To satisfy this element, the plaintiff must demonstrate that they have a recognized disability under the ADA's definition.

2. Qualified Individual

The individual must be qualified for the position or service they are seeking, with or without reasonable accommodation.

What to prove: It must be shown that the individual can perform the essential functions of the job or participate in the program with appropriate accommodations.

3. Discrimination

There must be evidence of discrimination on the basis of the individual's disability.

What to prove: The plaintiff must establish that adverse action was taken against them specifically due to their disability.

4. Failure to Accommodate

In cases of employment or service provisions, the plaintiff must show that a request for reasonable accommodation was denied.

What to prove: The plaintiff must demonstrate that they requested an accommodation and that the request was not provided without valid justification.

Burden of Proof

The burden of proof lies with the plaintiff, who must establish their case by a preponderance of the evidence.

Available Defenses
  • Undue Hardship
  • Direct Threat
  • Not a Qualified Individual
Common Fact Patterns
  • An employee with a disability requests specific accommodations but is denied the request by their employer.
  • A public facility fails to provide accessible features for individuals with disabilities, leading to a discrimination claim.
Exam Tip

Expect questions that involve applying the elements to fact patterns, particularly those that require identifying reasonable accommodations or evaluating discrimination claims.

Key Cases
  • Olmstead v. L.C.
  • Southeastern Community College v. Davis
  • ADA Amendments Act of 2008

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