employment law · claim

Elements of Quid Pro Quo Harassment

Quick Answer

What are the elements of Quid Pro Quo Harassment?

Quid pro quo harassment is a form of sex-based discrimination where an employee is subjected to unwelcome sexual conduct in exchange for employment benefits. It typically involves a supervisor requesting sexual favors in return for promotions, raises, or continued employment.

Required Elements

1. Unwelcome Conduct

The conduct must be unwelcome, meaning the victim did not invite or solicit it.

What to prove: The victim must show that the conduct was uninvited and unwanted.

2. Quid Pro Quo Condition

The harassment must be linked directly to a tangible job benefit.

What to prove: There must be a clear connection between the unwelcome conduct and the promise or denial of a job benefit.

3. Power Dynamics

The perpetrator must hold a position of power over the victim, such as being a supervisor.

What to prove: It must be established that the perpetrator had authority to affect the victim's employment status.

Burden of Proof

The burden of proof rests with the employee (plaintiff), requiring a preponderance of the evidence standard.

Available Defenses
  • Consent
  • Lack of Authority
  • Legitimate Business Reason
Common Fact Patterns
  • A supervisor offers a promotion in return for sexual favors.
  • An employee feels pressured to accept advances from a manager to secure a job position.
Exam Tip

Expect questions that require you to identify the elements and apply them to fact patterns involving employer-employee relationships. Pay close attention to power dynamics and tangible job benefits.

Key Cases
  • Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986)
  • Robinson v. Jacksonville Shipyards, Inc., 760 F. Supp. 1486 (M.D. Fla. 1991)
  • Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., 510 U.S. 17 (1993)

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