Insurance Law · claim

Elements of Subrogation

Quick Answer

What are the elements of Subrogation?

Subrogation occurs when an insurer who has paid a loss on behalf of an insured party acquires the right to pursue recovery from the third party responsible for that loss. This legal process enables insurers to recoup their costs and helps prevent the insured from receiving a double recovery.

Required Elements

1. Existence of a Debt or Obligation

There must be a valid obligation or debt owed to the insurer by the third party responsible for the loss.

What to prove: It must be shown that the third party is liable for the loss incurred by the insured.

2. Payment Made by Insurer

The insurer must have paid out a claim to the insured for the loss incurred.

What to prove: Proof of payment made to the insured must be demonstrated, establishing the insurer’s financial interest in pursuing subrogation.

3. Insured’s Right to Recover

The insured must possess a right to recover damages from the third party.

What to prove: It must be proven that the insured had a valid claim against the third party prior to the insurer's intervention.

Burden of Proof

The insurer holds the burden of proof, usually required to establish its right to subrogation by a preponderance of the evidence.

Available Defenses
  • Lack of Agreement
  • Prior Settlement with Third Party
  • Insured's own negligence
Common Fact Patterns
  • An insurer pays for damages caused by a third party due to negligence and seeks to recover costs.
  • An insured party files a claim for damages after an auto accident where another driver is at fault, and the insurer pursues recovery from that driver.
Exam Tip

Subrogation questions may ask about the rights transferred after payment and any potential obstacles to recovery from the third party. Be prepared to delineate the elements involved in establishing a right to subrogation.

Key Cases
  • State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. v. Bowers
  • American International Group v. Lacey
  • Allstate Insurance Co. v. Maness

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