426 U.S. 833 (1976)
National League of Cities v. Usery is a seminal case in constitutional law as it marks a rare instance where the Supreme Court placed significant restrictions on Congress's power under the Commerce Clause.
Whether Congress, under its Commerce Clause power, could extend the Fair Labor Standards Act to state employees, thereby dictating wages and hours for state and local governments.
Congress cannot regulate the functions of state and local governments in a way that would impair their ability to perform typical functions essential to the state's separate and independent existence.
The Supreme Court held that the application of the Fair Labor Standards Act's wage and hour provisions to state and municipal employees was unconstitutional, as it violated the Tenth Amendment by impairing the states' ability to function in areas of traditional governmental functions.
National League of Cities v. Usery was significant in evoking the Tenth Amendment as a substantive limitation on congressional power under the Commerce Clause. While the decision was later overruled by Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, the case highlighted essential debates on federalism, standing as an exemplar of judicial restraint on federal power and an acknowledgment of state sovereignty. This case is particularly instructive for law students to understand the ebb and flow of the Court's approach to the balance of power between federal and state governments.