652 F.2d 788 (9th Cir. 1979)
United States v. Walther addresses the boundary between private citizen searches and state action under the Fourth Amendment, which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures.
Does a private individual's search of a package constitute state action under the Fourth Amendment when the search is conducted with the involvement or knowledge of law enforcement?
A search is considered private and not subject to the Fourth Amendment unless the individual conducting the search is acting as an instrument or agent of the government.
The Ninth Circuit held that the Federal Express agent acted as a government agent because of the established relationship and understanding with the DEA, rendering the search a state action and thus subject to the Fourth Amendment.
United States v. Walther is significant for its clarification on the private search doctrine. It established critical boundaries and considerations for distinguishing between purely private searches and those that engage constitutional protections due to governmental involvement. Law students and practitioners must understand these nuances as they apply to evidence admissibility issues and the broader implications for law enforcement practices and individual privacy rights.